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Serial murder refers to the killing of multiple victims in separate incidents over a period of time, typically with emotional cooling-off periods between each homicide. While widely used in criminology, forensic psychology, and media coverage, "serial murder" is not a separately defined criminal offense in most legal systems, including U.S. federal law.

The FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit defines serial murder as the unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s) in separate events. This criminological definition helps law enforcement identify patterns and investigate related homicides, but it does not create a distinct legal charge. Each homicide committed by a serial killer is prosecuted individually under applicable murder statutes.

In U.S. federal jurisdiction, murders are prosecuted under general homicide provisions such as 18 U.S.C. § 1111, which defines murder as the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought. Federal jurisdiction applies when murders occur on federal property, involve federal officials, cross state lines in certain circumstances, or otherwise fall within federal competence. The serial nature of the crimes may influence sentencing considerations and prosecutorial strategy, but does not change the fundamental legal classification of each individual homicide.

When multiple murders are prosecuted together, they are typically charged as separate counts of murder or first-degree murder under the relevant jurisdiction's statutes. Aggravating factors such as premeditation, torture, or multiple victims may enhance sentencing, potentially including capital punishment in jurisdictions where it remains available. The pattern of serial killing may be presented as evidence of premeditation, planning, or the defendant's ongoing danger to society.